نفسية عملي
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Abnormal beliefs:
A category of disturbance which includes delusions, over-valued ideas.
Delusions:
An abnormal belief which is held with absolute subjective certainly, which requires no
external proof, which may be held in the face of contradictory evidence, which has
personal significance and importance to individual concerned.
Excluded are those beliefs which can be understood as part of the subject's cultural or
religious background.
While the content is usually demonstrably false and bizame in nature, this is not
invariably so.
Belief:
1- Abnormal.
2- Absolute subjective certainly.
3- No external proof.
4- Contradictory evidence.
5- Personal importance and significance.
6- Exclude cultural and religious background.
7- Content usually false and bizame.
Over-valued ideas:
A form of abnormal belief. These are ideas which are reasonable and understandable in
themselves, but which come to unreasonably dominate the patient's life.
Abnormal perceptions:
A category of disturbances which includes:
- Sensory disturbance.
- False perception.
Changes in the perceived intensity as quality if a real external stimulus.
Associated with organic conditions and drug ingestion or withdrawals.
Examples include:
- Hyperacusis
hearing sound as abnormally loud.
- Micropsia
"wrong end of the telescope effect", perceiving objects which are close
as small and far away.
False perceptions: internal perceptions which do not have a corresponding object in the
external or "real" world, Includes: Hallucinations, and Pseudo-hallucinations.
Hallucinations:
An internal percept without a corresponding external object.
The subjective experience of hallucination is that of experiencing a normal percept in
that modality of sensation.
A true hallucination will be perceived as in external space, distinct from imagined
images, outside conscious control, and as possessing relative permanence.
A pseudo-hallucination will lack one or all of these characteristics.
Hallucinations are subdivided according to their modality of sensation and may be:
auditory, visual, gustatory, tactile, olfactory, or kinesthetic.
Auditory hallucination (voices) schizophrenic patient.
Visual hallucination organic illness.
Pseudo-hallucination:
A false perception which is perceived as occurring as part of one's internal experience,
not as part of the external world.
It may be described an "as if" quality or as being seen with the mind's eye.
Additionally, hallucinations experienced as true hallucination during the active phase of
a patient's illness may become perceived as pseudo-hallucinations as they receves.
They can occur in all modalities of sensation.
They are described in psychotic, organic and drug-induced conditions as well as
occasionally in normal individuals.
The Hallucinations of deceased spouses commonly described by widows and widowers
may have the form of a pseudo-hallucination.
First-rank symptoms of schizophrenia:
A group of symptoms originally described by Schneider which are useful in the diagnosis of
schizophrenia.
They are neither pathognomonic for, nor specific to, schizophrenia and are also ssen in
organic and affective psychoses.
They are 11 symptoms in 4 categories:
Auditory hallucination:
o Voices heard arguing.
o Thought echo.
o Running commentary.
Delusions of thought interference:
o Thought insertion.
o Thought withdrawal.
o Thought broadcasting.
Delusions of control:
o Passivity of affect.
o Passivity of impulse.
o Passivity of volition.
o Somatic passivity.
Delusional perception:
o A primary delusion of any content that is reported by the patient as having arisen
following the experience of a normal perception.
Voices heard arguing: A type of auditory hallucination which is first rank symptom of
schizophrenia.
The patient hears two or more voices debating with or another, sometimes about a matter
occur which the patient is agonizing (e.g. he should take the medication, its worked before ,
no not again, he will not take it this time).
Thought echo the experience of an auditory hallucination in which the content is the
individual current thoughts, also knows as gidankelautukule or echo di la pensee.
Running commentary A type of third person auditory hallucination. The patient hears
one or more voices providing a noirative of their current actions he's getting up .. now he's
going towards the window.
Thought insertion the delusional belief that thoughts are being placed in the patient's
head from outside.
Though broadcasting the delusional belief one's thoughts are accessible directly to
others.
Delusions of control:
A group of delusions which are also known as passivity phenomena or delusions of bodily
passivity.
The core feature is the delusional belief that one is no longer in sole control of one's own
body.
The individual delusions are that one is being forced by same external agent to feel
emotions (passivity of affect), to desire to do things (passivity of impulse), to perform
actions (passivity of volition), or to experience bodily sensation (somatic passivity).
Affect The emotional state prevailing in a patient at a particular moment and in
response to a particular event or situation.
Mood The subjective emotional state over a longer period of time.
Anergia the subjective feeling of lack of energy and sense of increased effort required to
carry out tasks. Associated with depressive illness.
Anhedonia the feeling of absent or significantly diminished enjoyment of previously
pleasurable activities. A core symptom of depressive illness, also a negative symptom of
schizophrenia.